Category: Taxes

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Financial Planning Military Pay Taxes TSP

How Much is Your Military Compensation Actually Worth?

Understanding Your Entire Military Compensation

For any servicemembers who are transitioning out of the military or perhaps daydreaming about what that might look like someday, many of them have never considered the full impact that transition will have on their finances and total compensation.  Most of the servicemembers that I talk to are surprised after they separate and don’t have the same salary, benefits, or total compensation as they did in the military.  So what can you do about this if you’re set to separate or are thinking about it?

Every year, usually in early April, DFAS publishes the Personal Statement of Military Compensation (PSMC) with the intent to help make servicemembers’ full compensation more readily visible.  While DFAS states that this may be helpful in applying for credit or loans, the true benefit lies in understanding what your equivalent compensation would need to be outside of the military to maintain your same standard of living.

So what is compensation? 

In this context, compensation refers to the entire sum of salary, benefits, and other financial support that servicemembers receive.  The majority is “direct compensation” — money paid directly to you — while the rest is called “indirect compensation” — things that financially benefit you but aren’t a direct payment.  Indirect compensation can either be financial compensation or non-financial.

One example of indirect financial compensation is healthcare.  When an employer helps pay for your healthcare coverage, that’s indirect financial compensation since you otherwise would have to pay that amount.  Indirect compensation can also be non-financial like leave.

Direct compensation is readily apparent because these are clearly listed on your LES while indirect compensation might not be as immediately clear.  The goal of this post is to help you understand the full picture of all of your compensation.

It’s important to take a look at each detail of the PSMC since each analysis can differ based on personal circumstances.  You can access your PSMC through myPay right underneath where you can view your LES.  This article will probably be most helpful if you have your own PSMC to go through.    We will look at an example PSMC for this post and show you how to analyze your own.

Navy members should note they will have to visit the PSMC website calculator directly at:
https://militarypay.defense.gov/Calculators/RMC-Calculator/

Direct Compensation

DFAS pre-fills in your basic pay, special pay and bonuses, expense allowances (OHA, COLA, etc.), as well as an estimate of the added value of indirect compensation which is usually based on the federal tax advantage of BAH and BAS.  This provides the starting point for you to add in some personal analysis about all the indirect compensation and add your estimate back in at the end to get your total compensation figure.

To help illustrate some of these concepts more concretely, we will look at an example of a hypothetical O-3 compensation.

  • Basic Military Compensation: $85,047.96
  • Special Pay and Bonuses: $2,472
  • Total Direct Compensation: $87,519.96
  • Added value of Service-estimated indirect compensation: $3,275.21

Estimating Your Indirect Compensation

As you estimate the various forms of indirect compensation, don’t stress getting each figure down to the exact dollar amount.  The goal is to gain a more complete understanding of what that benefit might cost you if you had to pay for it yourself so estimating is OK.  It’s also usually best practice to estimate conservatively on these figures so you don’t have a highly inflated final compensation figure to compare against equivalent civilian compensation.

If you aren’t sure what a benefit is worth, ask friends or family for help especially if they aren’t in the military and they could give you a more realistic picture of what benefits are worth outside of the military.  Below is an explanation of how you can go about calculating each of the indirect compensation categories on the PSMC.

Military Taxes

In the PSMC example above, DFAS has estimated that based on the current BAH and BAS, this person is saving $3,275.21 a year by not paying federal income tax on those two allowances.

Another thing to consider here is combat zone tax exclusion (CZTE).  The PSMC doesn’t list this as part of the analysis, and it could easily be argued that this is a direct benefit to help offset some of the challenges of deployments.  For many servicemembers however, a deployment might mean going down one tax bracket from 22% to 12%, but more senior servicemembers or dual-military could really reap benefits here if they own more significant taxable investments and drop from the 24% tax bracket to the 12% and its equivalent 0% tax rate on long-term capital gains and qualified dividends.

Junior servicemembers could also drop below the income threshold to be eligible for the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) which could mean quite a bit of extra money at tax time.  For this example, we won’t consider CZTE in my calculation, but others might choose to do so, especially if you deploy on a more regular schedule.

  • Formula: (Projected) State Income Tax x Current Basic Pay = State Income Tax Benefit
  • CZTE Formula: # of Months Deployed x Monthly Federal Tax Deduction = Benefit

Military Medical Care

Tricare is undoubtedly the biggest indirect financial compensation for most servicemembers and their families.  For servicemembers who haven’t had a full-time job outside the military, most are insulated from what almost everyone else in the country has been going through over the last several years.  Medical insurance can be incredibly costly for many Americans so this area of compensation is critically important to understand.

As a financial planner who helps people find and evaluate health insurance on their own through the federal and state exchanges, I just cannot stress how amazing this level of medical coverage is!

How much is Tricare worth to you?

One way to measure this is to see how much it would cost you to buy Tricare Standard coverage without the military paying for any of it.  This option exists as the Continued Health Care Benefit Program (CHCBP)  provided by Humana.  Similar to COBRA, this plan can give you temporary health coverage for 18-36 months when you lose eligibility for Tricare.  Basically, it means that you pay 102% of the total insurance premiums which in this case were previously all paid for by the military.

In FY20, CHCBP premiums would be $1,599 per quarter for individual coverage and $3,605 per quarter for family coverage.  In addition to these premiums, there will be yearly deductibles and cost-shares similar to Tricare Standard.  That comes out to a minimum of $6.396 (individual) or $14,420 (family) respectively a year.  Plus, consider that is also a tax-free benefit while on AD so it’s worth even more than just an equivalent cash payout.

Another way to compare the value of Tricare is to see what health insurance coverage would cost you on the healthcare.gov exchanges.  This gives you a very good example of how much you could otherwise be spending given your specific family circumstances as healthy, young individuals can acquire more minimal coverage much cheaper than CHCBP while families might see some major sticker shock.

Many of my military clients who get out and suddenly have to pay the full costs of tens of thousands of dollars a year towards healthcare they purchased on the exchange experience DRAMATIC sticker shock. Even employer-provided health insurance will almost always be far more expensive than anything they paid on AD.

Practice expectations management prior to separating and don’t expect your health insurance to offer as much for as little as Tricare costs.  The bottom line is this: don’t undervalue your Tricare coverage!

Pro tip: consider switching from AD to the Reserve Component to still have access to subsidized medical insurance through Tricare Reserve Select at still a low personal cost.

  • Formula: Expected Civilian Annual Health Insurance Cost – What You Currently Pay Annually for Tricare Prime/Standard = Your Benefit

Military Pension + BRS Match

The legacy military retirement benefits only consist of the High-3 system as an all-or-nothing pension that requires vesting at 20 years of service. As such, it’s a little harder to directly value compared to the Blended Retirement System (BRS) direct matches which are more straightforward.

For the BRS contributions and match, just add those percentage amounts based on the basic pay rate right into your calculation. The BRS matching rate is comparable to many civilian employers’ 401(k) matching.

One of the good friends of MFAA, Doug Nordman, has done a great job giving some estimates of what that military pension is worth. The trick of course is that the pension is still worth “nothing” until you actually vest in it so there’s no real way to say you’ve earned half of the pension’s value just because you have served 10 years.  To quote Doug, “Stay in the military if you’re challenged and fulfilled, but don’t join just to stick it out for a pension.  If the pension is your only motivation then you won’t last past the first obligation.  When the fun stops then you should leave active duty for the Reserves or National Guard instead of grimly clenching your jaw and gutting it out for 20.”

Still, it is critical to understand just how incredibly valuable an active duty military pension can be as an E-7 pension can be worth around $1.4 million at the time of retirement and an O-5 pension could be worth as much as $2 million!

This part of the PSMC analysis doesn’t produce a number to add into your overall compensation, but it does help you think through the calculus of staying in or getting out.  The more years of service that each servicemember has should also weigh heavily in this consideration as it’s easier to make the decision to get out after only 4 years vs. 15 years.

Thrift Savings Plan (TSP)

The TSP offers incredible cost savings as it is dramatically cheaper than the average expense ratio of traditional mutual funds or many employer-sponsored 401k plans.  In 2021, the TSP had a net expense ratio of only about 0.05% while the average expense ratio of the civilian TSP equivalent of a 401(k) and average mutual funds are much more expensive!

That means that if your TSP balance is $1,000, you are only paying about $0.50 a year in fees while that same $1,000 in an average 401(k) would cost you $5 – 10 (per $1K) a year based on plan administration or investment expense ratios.  Over time, that fee differential becomes a huge drag on investment returns — to the tune of tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of dollars — which you can see for yourself using this Vanguard tool.

  • Formula: (Amount Currently in TSP x 0.01) – (Amount Currently in TSP x 0.0005) = Benefit

Life Insurance (SGLI), Dependency and Indemnity Compensation (DIC), and Survivor Benefit Plan (SBP)

Let’s analyze SGLI, DIC, and SBP in the context of the actively serving member to apply this to the PSMC, but understand that these concepts also apply to retirees albeit with some differences.  Many companies offer some type of group life insurance that is tied directly to employment and SGLI functions just like this.  Although individual servicemembers pay for SGLI, this guaranteed insurance is still pretty low-cost, but most importantly helps ensure servicemembers can stay insurable post-military with VGLI should something happen to them while in the military.  These are the other benefits broken out:

  1. Should you pass away, your family or designated beneficiary will also automatically receive a death gratuity payment of $100,000 regardless of whether you have SGLI coverage or not.
  2. If your death is determined to be in the line of duty and if you are married, your spouse will also receive monthly non-taxable Dependency and Indemnity Compensation (DIC) payments of at least $1,357.56 and an additional $336.32 for each surviving child are payable. DIC is generally adjusted annually for inflation.
  3. The family will also receive one year of BAH based on the current rate they were previously receiving.
  4. If you die while on active duty in the line of duty, your family is protected by SBP at no cost to you. The formula for this looks like this:  SBP = 0.55 x (2.5% x YOS x average of the highest 36 months basic pay).
  5. Due to some recent changes to how DIC and SBP work together, you should research the most current status to determine how much if any offset is given between these two payments.
  6. For our example here, we will just assume a surviving spouse and one child at $20,316 a year.

So how much life insurance would you approximately need today in order to provide a $20,000 a year inflation-adjusted annuity for the rest of your spouse’s life?  I plug the requirements into the calculator here (I used ~3% for the interest rate as inflation) which says that annuity is worth about $509,000 in today’s dollars given a spouse’s age of 30 and IRS expected life span.

That means I would need to carry an additional $609,000 ($509K + $100K death gratuity) in life insurance today to provide that same level of benefit to a spouse.  For the sake of estimating, we’ll use the SGLI rate of $0.07 per $1,000 of coverage at $609,000 x $0.00007 = $42.36 a month or $511.56 a year. [Note: You could potentially get a lower term life insurance rate than this rate given underwriting characteristics]

The equivalent costs of term life insurance vs. SGLI are usually easy to compare and many servicemembers often carry life insurance through companies like AAFMAA, USAA, or Navy Mutual.  Many people though don’t think about pricing out the income streams that their families could also earn through DIC and SBP when considering their life insurance needs.

Pay Raises

The PSMC next has you calculate the value of annual pay raises, longevity increases, and promotion raises.  While the annual raises haven’t always tracked directly with inflation, the longevity increases, and promotion raises both offer standardized opportunities for increases in pay.  This one is a lot more difficult to measure though and depends on you remaining in the military so we will skip it for this analysis. 

One important consideration for you though might be the comparison here between regular raises in the military and whether or not your civilian career offers the same chances to regularly grow your pay.

Commissary and the Exchange

This category is very dependent on how much each family uses the Commissary and Exchange.  Recent PSMC estimates list out that the average Commissary benefit is about $4,600 a year for a family of four with most people saving about 30% of their grocery purchases.  Take into your purchasing habits to fully analyze this one for you.

  • Formula: [(Average Monthly Commissary Spending x 1.24) x 12] – [(Average Monthly Commissary Spending x 12] = Average Benefit
  • Note: To get a more accurate estimate, an older Stars and Stripes article breaks out the average savings by region and can range from around 19% to over 44% for OCONUS.

Federal Long-Term Care Insurance Program (FLTCIP)

This benefit primarily offers long term care insurance for those looking to help cover the cost of nursing home and other end-of-life care.  The goal of FLTCIP is to help preserve your retirement savings should a long-term care need arise.  Those eligible for the FLTCIP include all Federal Employees (Uniformed Service members), their spouses, adult children (including natural, adopted & step), parents, parents-in-law, and stepparents.  Given my current age, current and projected savings rate, and expected financial independence long before my 60s, I don’t have a need for this.  Your situation may be different especially if your parents could purchase through this benefit program.

Note that this benefit is not as good as it once was and is not necessarily something I would automatically recommend.

  • Formula: Other Annual Long Term Care Insurance Cost – FLTCIP Annual Cost = Benefit

Education Benefits

The military offers some pretty incredible education benefits through Tuition Assistance (TA), the GI Bill, ROTC scholarships, Academy appointments, job certifications, and numerous other opportunities.  I’ve written about that using my own example here where I figured out how I turned $80,000 of education benefits into more than $2.1 million in lifetime value!

The primary education benefit to account for here is TA or service-specific associate degree program since it is a function of remaining on active duty whereas the 9/11 GI Bill vests after 36 months of qualifying service (ROTC scholarship and Academy grads take note that you must first finish your education commitment before starting to earn credit towards the 9/11 GI Bill).

If you are currently still serving towards the 36 months to earn 100% of your benefits or are still serving an ADSC because you transferred the benefit to a dependent, include a pro-rated portion in the calculation below.  There will be lots of variation about how much the 9/11 GI Bill education benefits can be worth so you can personalize this to your own unique situation.

Service Activities

Everyone’s use of the services provided by their base will differ greatly so this is another highly personalized analysis.  Among the most financially impactful is the child development center (CDC) since this cost is subsidized based on rank.  For those that utilize the CDC, you can try to determine the cost of a similar daycare off base and compare the CDC cost to add up your benefit.

Other things to consider include the fitness center, auto facilities, hobby shop, outdoor recreation rentals, etc.

Counseling and Assistance Programs

The PSMC helps provide some figures here ranging from $30 an appointment up to more than $5,000 for transition assistance services to help you analyze the costs for free personal financial management counseling, relocation services assistance, transition counseling, spouse employment consultation, and assistance from a wide range of services available from their services’ community centers.  Again, each individual circumstance will differ here. Note that some of these are given as an estimated hourly rate.

  • Personal Financial Counseling/Education: $ 250 – 375
  • Spouse Employment Counseling: $ 585 – 990
  • Transition Assistance Services: $ 5096
  • Non-Medical Counseling: $ 30 – 100

Legal Counseling

Military members and family members can get free legal assistance in a wide range of areas, including consumer law, landlord-tenant law, family law, estate planning, and tax assistance services.  The PSMC again offers their estimates for costs associated with everything from notarization or powers of attorney to tax returns preparation and consultations with an attorney. Note that some of these are given as an estimated hourly rate.

  • Consultations with an Attorney: $ 150 – 175
  • Wills: $ 250 – 3,000
  • Notary: $ 10 – 20
  • Advance Medical Directives: $ 100 – 250
  • Client Correspondence: $ 125
  • Powers of Attorney: $ 60 – 250
  • Tax Return Preparation: $ 147 – 273

Space-A Travel

Space available travel for Uniformed Services members can provide substantial savings over commercial airline fares.  Space available travel is defined by DoD policy as a privilege (not an entitlement), which accrues to servicemembers as an avenue for travel.  This is again a highly individual element likely based on how close you are to frequent space-a travel opportunities.

Tricare Dental Program (TDP)

Tricare dental provides fairly good coverage, but is not quite the comparison as Tricare health insurance is compared to civilian counterparts.  Based on equivalent quotes for comparable coverage, most people could be covered by a similar plan where you live for about $30 – 80 a month.

Other Military Benefits

The PSMC stops its analysis here, but there are a few other benefits to consider.

Leave

The average civilian job has much less paid time off (PTO) than the annual 30 days of leave a year each and every servicemember receives.  Although I’ve never met someone who only uses that leave to take a month straight off each year, one way to think about it is that you are getting paid 12 months’ worth of salary for 11 months of work.

Military life demands many more sacrifices on your time (TDYs, deployments, long shifts, etc.) and there’s certainly no such thing as overtime so perhaps this issue ultimately is a wash.  However, don’t discount the amount of paid time off you do get lest you be surprised when your civilian job starts out with only around 5 days a year.  Expectant or future mothers should especially value the longer military maternity leave as it outpaces most companies in the country as this is a rarer benefit. 

Disability Insurance (DI)

At most other jobs either your company offers some small level of disability insurance or you can purchase this on your own.  While most people might not know what disability insurance covers, they have probably seen this product advertised somewhere thanks to a famous quacking duck.

Disability insurance is coverage that will help pay a reduced portion of your previous salary if you were to get hurt or otherwise be unable to work anymore.  In the military, this is provided by the VA if you were to become seriously injured or disabled while serving in the military.  You would be evaluated and given a disability rating which would then be used to determine how much you get paid.

You would otherwise have to purchase a DI policy on your own to provide this coverage. The average cost for a disability income insurance policy is around 1% – 3% of your annual income (take note that most policies will only allow you to purchase around ~60% of your previous salary).  You would have to get a personalized quote from an insurance agent to get more details.

VA Benefits

Outside of the VA benefits specifically mentioned already, there are a host of other benefits available such as the VA loan, education and career counseling, VA medical resources, and other support.  Evaluate what services you already use or might expect to use when you separate for an estimate here.

Military Discounts

You may never have considered this one, but this perk can really add up as long as you remember to ask about it wherever you shop.  This benefit again is highly dependent on how much you spend and if the places you shop offer it.

Invaluable Camaraderie and Leadership Experiences

This consideration isn’t here to try and put a financial number on this one.  However, one of the biggest trend items from separating veterans is how they miss the close bonds of friendship that are often more like family for most.  You need to have realistic expectations that your average civilian employer will have a different (not inherently bad) culture in this area. 

Summary

Let’s add up some example numbers to see what the total estimated annual compensation is:

  • Basic Pay = $85,047.96
  • Special Pay = $2,472
  • Total Direct Compensation = $87,519.96

PSMC estimate of indirect compensation (federal income tax benefit of BAH/BAS) = $3,275.21

  • State Income Tax = $2,000
  • Tricare = $16,000
  • TSP = $310
  • DIC and SBP = $511.56
  • Pay Raises = $0
  • Commissary and Exchange = $800
  • Federal Long-Term Care Insurance Program = $0
  • Education Programs = $180
  • Services Activities = $400
  • Counseling Assistance = $300
  • Legal Help = $400
  • Space-A = $0
  • Tricare Dental = $216
  • Leave = $0
  • Disability Insurance = $1,740
  • VA Benefits = $0
  • Military discounts = $2,000
  • Total Indirect Compensation Estimate = $24,857.56

Example Total Estimated Compensation = $87,519.96 + $24,857.56 = $112,377.52

Service in the military can bring with it quite a lot of financial benefits that are often underappreciated or not considered when evaluating total compensation.  In fact, most servicemembers earn more in total compensation than their civilian counterparts when you consider similar levels of education and experience.  After this article, I trust you are better able to understand and analyze your PSMC.  This can then help you evaluate equivalent civilian employment opportunities or perhaps even come to the realization that you’re better off staying the military for now.  In any case, make sure to appreciate each of these benefits now whether you’re getting out soon or will stay for a whole career.  In this case, it’s pretty interesting to realize that the total compensation is significantly higher than what the LES says!

Categories
Investing Real Estate Savings Taxes

Top 7 FAQs for Military Real Estate Investing

Top 7 FAQs for Military Real Estate

Understanding Real Estate Investing for Military

There are numerous ways to engage in real estate investing. There’s flipping, commercial offices, wholesaling, investing in notes, and the most popular among military families – residential rentals. Becoming a landlord may be the most popular form of real estate investing for military families by default. With steady incomes and incentives to buy houses heaped on service members, many become homeowners. When you own a house and receive military orders to another city your choices are limited. You either sell it, or you turn it into a rental property. Whether by plan or by fate, becoming a landlord is a solution often chosen.

Real estate investing also has a natural appeal to many military folks. Military families are do-it-yourself, ‘bootstrap’ people. There’s an air of self-determination around real estate investing. A sense that you are more in control of your destiny with real estate than you are with traditional investments.

Initiative and hard work seem like they can be turned into profit with a property on Main Street in a way that can not be realized with securities on Wall Street. Financial professionals describe it as inefficiencies in the real estate market that can be profitably exploited. I believe it is true, although more difficult to master than it seems.

The major obstacle to getting started in real estate investing is typically the initial cost. You can get started in TSP for 1% of your paycheck. With an app like Acorns you can open a brokerage account with your spare change.

To get into real estate investing takes capital, often tens of thousands of dollars of capital. It’s a big commitment. 

Big financial commitments generate questions. Access to VA loans and other programs lowers the barriers to entry into real estate investing, but most military families have at least one member with enough sense to know you don’t spew cash at an idea like becoming a landlord without looking a little before you leap. I am asked about it frequently.

Following is a list of the seven most common questions I am asked by people who are contemplating investing in residential real estate rentals. Each of them probably merits its own article, but I’ll try to give you some useful short answers here. 

Is real estate a good investment?

Let me break this news to you gently; it’s not about the real estate, it’s about you. Money can be made in real estate investing, but the path to it isn’t for everyone. In addition to technical know-how, a successful investor must have the ability to avoid frustration and derailment when people disappoint you. Because in residential rental real estate you have to deal with people, and people disappoint.

Sooner or later you will discover some tenants are vandals, some property managers are lazy idiots, and some contractors are thieves. If you believe the hype I see all over the internet about how easy it is to make money in real estate, you should not invest in real estate.

The successful landlords I know are hustling every day for their profits. The rest are trying to get back to even.

What are the tax benefits of real estate investing?

With respect to being a landlord, OWNING rental properties can have many tax benefits. SELLING rental properties usually has significant (and painful) tax consequences. Landlords are business owners. They own and operate residential real estate for the purposes of collecting rents.

The biggest expenditure in such a business is the cost of the property being let to the tenant(s). As a business owner, you can recover the cost of the buildings on your property by deducting them from your taxes over the lifetime of the building. This cost recovery process is known as ‘depreciation’, and its effects can make a tremendous impact to your bottom line while you own the building. However, if you sell the property you will likely owe the IRS for all the depreciation previously claimed on the building.

In addition to depreciation you can deduct all the ordinary and necessary operating expenses of a business. There are numerous ways to take advantage of this situation, but none of them will turn a bad investment into a good investment.

If you are thinking about getting into real estate investing do so because you want to make money from the investments and then take advantage of the tax benefits to maximize your profits. DO NOT get into real estate investing with the primary motive of reducing your taxes.   

Why don’t financial advisors give real estate investing advice?

First – a few of us do. But, I get it. We are so difficult to find as to be indistinguishable from non-existent. Take heart, our numbers are growing! The primary reason there are so few of us is related to how the financial planning field evolved.

Financial planning, so the story goes, was the love child of a few insurance salesmen and stock brokers trying to do the right thing. All the first generation planners came from one of those two fields. You sold insurance and did financial planning or your sold stocks and did financial planning. Nobody sold real estate and did financial planning. The second generation of financial planners were nearly all “investment managers”. They took a piece of the action (a percentage) of all the assets they could gather and manage. Still no real estate.

The third wave is coming. In this wave we take a more holistic approach to financial planning. Some are even calling it ‘life planning’. Some advisors have observed that in life many people invest in real estate, so we are starting to include it in the plans we build with our clients. We are mostly self-taught, though. For example, the inclusion of real assets in a portfolio is not covered in the CFP (R) curriculum. (I am working to get that changed, btw.) 

Should I form an LLC for my rental property?

Many people believe you must have your houses in an LLC to qualify for certain tax benefits. This is not true. There are no tax benefits to placing your rental properties in an LLC. 

Zero. 

None. 

Your rental property business is a business whether it is within an LLC or not. Your ability to deduct business expenses is not impacted by forming an LLC.

There may be legal considerations for forming an LLC in terms of limiting your liability. That is a question for a lawyer. I am licensed to give tax advice. I am not licensed to give legal advice. 

When is the best time to sell my rental property?

In terms of tax strategy – never. As I wrote above, OWNING rental properties can have significant tax benefits. SELLING rental properties frequently turns those significant benefits into significant burdens.

In many cases the most efficient tax strategy for rental properties is probate. When you die owning depreciated property your heirs inherit it with a cost basis reset to current market value. The tax burden is transferred to the government and is no longer a problem for you or your family. 

If you absolutely must get rid of the property, then the second-best time to sell is likely today. The tax burden on the property is most likely going to grow over time, so getting rid of it now is like ripping off the band-aid. Just get it over with.

That said, every case is different. You should have a tax professional knowledgeable in real estate issues evaluate your situation before you act. 

How does the ten-year extension for military people work?

Home sellers can exclude a significant amount of capital gain (frequently all the capital gain) from the sale of their primary residence as long as they meet certain guidelines. The short version of how to qualify for that exclusion is called the ‘2-in-5’ rule. You must live in the house for 2 of the 5 years immediately prior to the sale. There are additional rules, but those are the basics. That means you could move out of your house and turn it into a rental property for up to 3 years, then sell it, and still qualify for the exclusion from capital gains. (Because in the 5 years immediately preceding the sale you lived in the house for at least 2 of them.) 

Military families receive up to an additional 10 years to this ‘2-in-5’ rule if they were moved more than 50 miles from the residence on military orders. This means military families could live in a house for 2 years, take a PCS move to another state, turn the house into a rental property and sell it up to 13 years later AND still qualify for the capital gains exclusion. It’s a pretty nifty benefit!

A related question I frequently get is ‘how long do we have if the military member retires while living at the other duty station?’. The answer is that once the service member retires the extended period stops. Military families receive UP TO 10 years. When you retire your extension stops and you essentially have 3 years from the retirement date to sell the property before you will have to pay capital gains on the sale.

My depreciation is wrong on my prior tax returns, how do I fix it?

The short answer is to hire a professional to do it for you. 

The medium answer is that you can only fix a depreciation issue by amending returns if it was wrong on only one filed return. Once it’s been wrong on two filed tax returns you must submit an application to the IRS to change your method of accounting. This is done on form 3115, and it is a very complicated form. On the last page of the instruction book for form 3115 it estimates that it takes more than 36 hours to learn and prepare form 3115.

Save your time, hire a professional. If you prepared your own tax return and you didn’t get the depreciation right, then it is unlikely you will get form 3115 right.

The outcome of filing the form 3115 depends on how your depreciation was wrong. If you had been under depreciating the property, then you would get an adjustment allowing you to take a one-time additional beneficial depreciation adjustment on your tax return. (You get to claim an additional expense that year.)

If you had been over depreciating the property then you also get to take a depreciation adjustment to your tax return, but you won’t like it as much. The amount of over depreciation gets declared as additional income that year and you must pay tax on it. There are some strategy elements regarding the timing of these adjustments, so you should consult a tax professional knowledgeable in real estate investing before you act.

The Bottom Line

Real estate investing can be financially and emotionally satisfying when done well. At Redeployment Wealth Strategies we have some military families who are profiting nicely with their real estate investments. Unfortunately, we have a larger number of clients who got on that real estate investing highway before they thoroughly researched their situation, and now they’re looking for the off-ramp.

We urge you to carefully consider whether real estate investing is right for you before you make that large capital commitment to participate. Learning the hard way can be very expensive.

As financial advisors, members of the MFAA help people just like you navigate the questions, challenges, and planning opportunities related to investing in real estate. We would love to be of help and have a free consultation.

Find an advisor here!

Categories
Financial Planning Investing Savings Taxes

Do Military Families Really Need a Financial Planner?

military families financial advisor

Do Military Families Really Need a Financial Planner?

I am frequently asked some form of this question, and my short answer is, “Yes, military families need a financial planner.” You may think I believe military families need a financial planner because I am a financial planner. And while I would never turn away a new prospective client, my reasoning might be even sneakier than you think!

Every military family needs someone to do the things a financial planner does. These include, but aren’t limited to:

  1. Develop specific and measurable financial goals consistent with their values
  2. Develop saving, spending, investing, and tax strategies to efficiently meet those goals.
  3. Develop risk mitigation strategies for the unexpected: 1) Insurance against loss of income;  2) Insurance against catastrophic loss;  3) Contingencies to reach plan goals even if the planner isn’t there to see it
  4. Accountability to execute the steps of the plan
  5. Establish efficient asset transfer when the plan has ended
  6. Periodic review and update the plan as life happens

It is not always necessary to outsource those duties to a professional financial planner. The person performing those tasks can be a family member. There is an endless supply of free information about financial planning on the internet. Much of it is good enough to help individuals do a creditable job managing their family’s financial plan. If you do it yourself, the price is right, there are no issues of trust, and (you don’t need to tell me) financial planning can be fun!

Therefore, my sneaky response that every military family needs a financial planner is just me having a bit of word fun.

You need a financial planner. You just don’t need to hire one if you’re willing to do the work yourself. However, even if you’re willing to be your own financial planner, you might still want to hire one. Here are a few reasons why.

You Prefer to Pay for the Service

I know how to change the oil in my truck. I can change the oil in my truck for less than it costs me to pay someone else to do it. When I was a young sailor, I used to get under my vehicles every 5,000 miles and change the oil and the filter. I’m 55 now, and I’m not crawling under that truck ever again. There are hundreds of things I’d rather do.

Likewise, you can be your own financial planner. You can read and study on personal finances to stay abreast of the trends, opportunities, and ever-changing tax laws. You can burn a Saturday or two each year reviewing your overall financial situation and making some tweaks to your plan to keep it on track. Or, you can hire someone else to do it and go and do hundreds of things you’d rather do.

Professional Financial Advisors have Greater Objectivity about Your Money

There used to be a fellow on public radio named Garrison Keillor. He told humorous stories about his hometown where “all the women are strong, all the men are good looking, and all the children are above average.” The joke is that only the people from that town believe in their superiority – and they believe it because their emotional attachment to their town causes them to lose their objectivity.

The same is true for people and their money. Money evokes strong emotions in people. (Not having money evokes even stronger emotions!) I’ve too often seen successful, well-adjusted people make emotionally-fueled decisions when the markets are gyrating like they were when the pandemic first hit. It can be helpful to have a professional advisor take a more objective view of your finances when the ride gets bumpy.

There’s Something to Be Said for Experience

Have you ever been the licensed passenger with a teen and a new permit? That’s some white-knuckle fun! They kinda know what they are doing, but they don’t know what they don’t know. They haven’t seen things like the car beside them changing lanes without signaling, or an emergency vehicle trying to make a left in front of them, or a gaggle of bicyclists blowing through stop signs. You have seen things like this; hence, the white knuckles!

If you are your own financial planner, then you are a bit like that teenager. You may have studied diligently and learned many things, but you don’t know what you don’t know. You may have studied for many hours, but you’ve only ever seen one financial plan – yours! Professional financial planners have seen hundreds of financial plans. They’ve seen rental homes, student loans, SBP, and tax law changes. They’ve dealt with the things you’re dealing with, and that experience can be useful.

Financial Advisors can Provide Continuity

“Jim” was adept at personal finance. After his military career, he worked in management for a Fortune 500 company. He amassed a portfolio of stock and real estate worth more than $2 million. My very first client was his widow. I was volunteering at a free financial clinic. She was literally the first person I ever tried to advise. She came to the financial clinic because she wanted to learn how to handle money. Jim had always taken care of it when they were married, and she had no clue what to do. When I first met her she was inhabiting only the upstairs of her house because the downstairs zone heater was broken and she didn’t know how to get the money to have it repaired. She was working in the lunchroom of the public school to have money to pay for her daughter’s tuition. She had $2 million, but she was living like a pauper because she was scared to death to access the assets for fear she would screw up something.

I envisioned Jim looking down from Heaven with his face in his palm. There was no way this is what he intended. If they had worked with a financial advisor while Jim was still alive, they could have had a plan to deal with him unexpectedly passing. A plan that kept the heat on and the tuition money flowing without his widow slinging hash in the school lunchroom. A plan that provided simple peace of mind.

Military families do need a financial planner, and the first step in that plan is who will orchestrate it. An individual family member can take on the responsibility of making sure all the required elements of the financial plan are accomplished, but a military family may want to hire a professional financial planner. If they do, we hope they first consider a member of the Military Financial Advisors Association. We believe the education, experience, and fiduciary standards we require of our members are exactly what military families deserve.

Contact one of our advisors to learn more with a free consultation

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Categories
Taxes

Military Payroll Tax Deferral

military payroll tax deferral

Military Payroll Tax Deferral Explained

On August 8, 2020, President Donald Trump issued a memorandum allowing the military payroll tax deferral for any employee earning less than $4000 every two weeks. The $4000 limit refers to gross, or pre-tax earnings. It is important to notice the memorandum defers the taxes, it does not eliminate, revoke, or waive these taxes.  In essence, the government could collect any non-paid taxes at a future date.  Right now, the repayment date is scheduled for early 2021.  But before we tackle that issue, let’s cover some of the important information surrounding payroll taxes.

Understand Your Military Payroll Taxes

Payroll taxes, also referred to as FICA (Federal Insurance Contributions Act) pay for Social Security and Medicare. These taxes are listed as FICA Social security and FICA Medicare on military Leave and Earnings Statements (LES) and are also often abbreviated on employee paystubs. FICA taxes are split between the employer and the employee. These taxes are levied at 15.3% of earnings up to $137,700. Read more about the Social Security wage base here. There is no wage base for Medicare taxes. In fact, if you are a high-income household, there is an Additional Medicare Tax rate of .90% to wages, salaries, and tips.  Employees pay 6.2% for Social Security and 1.45% for Medicare, with matching amounts paid by employers. For military service members, Social Security and Medicare taxes are paid on all entitlements earned.

Employers are already eligible to defer payroll taxes under the CARES Act.

The Presidential memorandum defers payroll taxes (just the Social Security portion of 6.2%) from September 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020 for all federal employees. Under the CARES Act employers are already eligible to defer payroll taxes through December 31, 2020. Some self-employed individuals are also eligible to defer their SECA (Self-Employed Contributions Act) taxes. For now, the memorandum does not address employee options for participation if the employer does not choose to participate. There may be further clarifications to come. You can read more about IRS guidance on payroll tax deferral here.

Per the official memorandum, there will be no penalties or interest charges to deferred taxes. The Secretary of the Treasury has been directed to explore options for forgiving the deferred taxes. This means there is a potential that the deferred amounts will not have to be repaid. At this time there is no guarantee that forgiveness of deferred amounts will happen. Deferred taxes owed may have to be repaid in 2021. Currently, deferred taxes must be repaid in full between January 1, 2021 and April 30, 2021. Essentially, your payroll tax deductions would double for the first 4 months of 2021.

Military members have no choice

For civilian employers the program is voluntary. For federal employees, including the military, information published by DFAS indicated that deferral of employee taxes (6.2% of earnings) will not be optional. Currently, there is no way to opt-out of the deferral and no indication that an opt-out option is being considered. For now, federal employees and military service members will see more money in their mid-month pay.  But they may be forced to pay back the increase over the first four months of 2021.

If you are a civilian employee, check with your employer to see if they are participating in the payroll tax deferral. Many are not.  Many employers are concerned about the ramifications of payroll tax deferral.

If you are a military service member or federal employee, there is an easy way to calculate the increase in pay due to the payroll tax deferral. Let’s work through a quick example for a hypothetical September paycheck. The calculation would look like this:

Military Payroll Tax Half-Month Example

Earnings from 9/1-9/15: $4000.00
Monthly payroll tax 6.2%: X .062
Taxes deferred: $248

 

Military Payroll Tax Full Month Example

Earnings from 9/1-9/30: $8000.00
Monthly payroll tax 6.2%: X .062
Taxes deferred: $496

What do you do if you see your calculated increase in pay in your next paycheck? Set the money aside and don’t spend it!
Right now, there is no guarantee of any legislation to forgive the deferred taxes. Repeat for each paycheck through the end of 2021 or until there is more clarification on this issue.

For employees, whether you are civilian, federal, or military, save the payroll taxes for now. If you are military, you have likely experienced being over-paid only to have DFAS reach back months (or years) later with large extra deductions from your paycheck. Consider the payroll deferral like another DFAS error. Save the overpayment. You know they will come for it eventually.

The Bottom Line

As financial advisors, members of the MFAA help people just like you navigate the questions, challenges, and planning opportunities related to your taxes. We would love to be of help and have a free consultation.

Find an advisor here!

Categories
Disability Pay Reserve Component Taxes

What is Concurrent Retirement and Disability Pay?

Concurrent Retirement and Disability Pay

Understanding Concurrent Retirement and Disability Pay

If you are currently serving in the military and receiving disability pay, you are probably familiar with the fact that you cannot receive your disability payment for time you are being paid for military service.  What you may not know, is that this regulation is also applied when you receive your military pension, as the law states that you cannot receive military retired pay and VA compensation at the same time.
There is an exception to this, as in 2004, the Concurrent Retirement and Disability Program (CRDP) was put into place.  In this article we will talk about what CRDP is, who qualifies, and go through some examples to help explain the program.  We will also discuss Combat Related Special Compensation; what it is, how it relates to CRDP, and how to choose when you qualify for both.

Who Qualifies for CRDP?

You are eligible for CRDP if:

  • You are a regular retiree, with a VA Disability rating of 50% or higher, or
  • You are a Reserve retiree with 20 or more qualifying years of service, have a VA Disability rating of 50% or higher, and have reached retirement age, or
  • You retired under the Temporary Early Retirement Act (TERA) with a VA Disability rating of 50% or higher, or
  • You are a disability retiree who earned entitlement to retired pay under any provision of the law other than solely by disability and you have a VA Disability rating of 50% or higher.

Do I Need To Apply For CRDP?

No, no application is necessary, if you fall into one of the categories we discussed above, you will automatically be enrolled.

How Does CRDP Work?

CRDP is a restoration of your retired pay that was not paid to you because you received Disability Pay.  Let’s look at an example.
SFC Smith is a retiree that receives $2,000 per month in retired pay and $142 per month in disability pay.  She has a 10% disability rating from the VA.  SFC Smith’s monthly payments will look like this:

  • Disability pay $142 (non-taxable)
  • Retirement Pay – $1,858 (taxable, her $2,000 retirement pay is reduced by the amount of her disability payment)
  • Total Monthly Payment – $2,000

That is how it worked prior to CRDP, and how it still works for anyone receiving disability pay with a rating less than 50%.
Now, let’s make SFC Smith’s disability rating 60%, with a monthly disability payment of $1,131.  Since SFC Smith is a regular retiree and has a disability rating greater than 50%, she will receive CRDP.   SFC Smith’s payments will look like this:

  • Disability pay $1,131 (non-taxable)
  • Retirement Pay – $869 (taxable, her $2,000 retirement pay is reduced by the amount of her disability payment)
  • CRDP – $1,131 (taxable, restores her retirement pay withheld)
  • Total Monthly Payment – $3,131

As you can see, a pretty nice benefit, that can really add up over years of payments for those that qualify.  For CRDP recipients, they will receive two payments per month; their retirement pay which will include the CRDP amount and the disability payment.

Is CRDP the Same Thing as Combat Related Special Compensation?

No, Combat Related Special Compensation (CRSC) is a separate program from CRDP.  While CRDP is a restoration of retirement pay withheld, CRSC is an entitlement that you are paid, thus reimbursing you for all or a part of the retired pay withheld.  Since it is not considered retirement pay, CRSC is non-taxable.

CRSC Eligibility

To be eligible for CRSC you must:

  • Be entitled to and or receiving military retired pay
  • Be rated at least 10% by the VA
  • Waive your VA pay from your retired pay
  • File a CRSC application with your branch of service

Some pretty big differences here between CRDP and CRSC.  First, the disability rating is lowered from 50% to 10%, however, the disability must be related to combat service.  Secondly, while CRDP will be automatically paid if you are eligible, you must apply for CRSC.  You apply for CRSC on DD Form 2860, which is sent to the specific branch of service that you were in.  Documents you will need to complete the 2860 include your DD-214, VA Determination Letter, Medical Records, and Orders.

How Does CRSC Work?

SFC Smith is a military retiree who receives $2,000/month in retired pay.  As a 20% rated disability recipient, SFC Smith also receives $281 in monthly disability payments.  SFC Smith applied for and receives CRSC and 100% of her disability rating is directly related to combat.  Here is a breakdown of the payments SFC Smith will receive:

  • Retirement Pay – $1,719 (taxable, her $2,000 retirement pay less her $281 disability pay)
  • Disability Payment – $281 (non-taxable)
  • CRSC Payment – $281 (non-taxable)
  • Total Monthly Payment – $2,281 ($1,719 taxable and $562 non-taxable)

In this example, 100% of SFC Smith’s disability was determined to be combat-related.  Let’s also look at an example where that isn’t the case.
SFC Smith is a military retiree who receives $2,000/month in retired pay.  As a 20% rated disability recipient, SFC Smith also receives $281 in monthly disability payments.  SFC Smith applied for and receives CRSC and 50% of her disability rating was determined to be directly related to combat.  Here is a breakdown of the payments SFC Smith will receive:

  • Retirement Pay – $1,719 (taxable, her $2,000 retirement pay less her $281 disability pay)
  • Disability Payment – $281 (non-taxable)
  • CRSC Payment – $140.50 (non-taxable)
  • Total Monthly Payment – $2,140.50 ($1,719 taxable and $421.50 non-taxable)

As the example shows, CRSC will only compensate you for the portion of the retirement pay you waived in order to receive disability payments that were determined to be combat-related.

If You Qualify For Both, Which Should You Choose?

If you qualify for both CRSC and CRDP, DFAS will pay you the amount that will result in a higher monthly payment in the initial year you qualify, which will remain the case until the first CRDP/CRSC Open Season.  During the Open Season, DFAS will mail you an election form where you can choose to receive either CRDP or CRSC.  During subsequent years, you will not receive an election form.  You can still change your choice during the Open Season, but you will need to request the change yourself.
There are two big factors you should consider when choosing whether to receive CRDP or CRSC.

What Percentage of Your Disability is Combat Related?

CRDP will pay 100% of your retirement pay withheld, while CRSC will only pay the percentage related to combat disabilities.  Where this factor really comes into play is if your disability rating changes over time.  For example, let’s say you are rated 50% by the VA and 100% of that rating is combat-related, CRSC will pay 100%, so you elect CRSC.  Five years go by and you file a new claim with the VA for a non-combat rated disability and get assessed as 70%.  Now, you may be receiving only 71% of your withheld retirement pay through CRSC, where CRDP would pay 100%.  It may be more beneficial for you to elect the change.

Taxes, Taxes, Taxes

As with most financial decisions, we have to factor in the effect of taxes.  CRDP is taxable, while CRSC is non-taxable.  This could lead to scenarios where electing CRDP may give you a higher monthly payment, but because it adds to your taxable income, you may be better off electing to receive the non-taxable amount provided by CRSC.
Now that you have a better understanding of CRDP and CRSC, there are multiple variables at play.  As you can see, the decision may not always be black and white.  Working with a member of the Military Financial Advisors Association, who understands the VA and military financial system can help to walk you through your options and recommend the one best suited for you.

Do you have questions or wonder whether CRDP or CRSC is the better option for your situation? Contact one of our advisors to get your free consultation!

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Categories
Reserve Component Taxes

Deducting Reserve Expenses

Understanding when you can deduct Reserve expenses

While for many of our National Guard and Reserve servicemembers, traveling to monthly Battle Assemblies right now is not an option, we do hope that in the near future we will be back to meeting together, in-person, as a unit. When the stop order movement is lifted, it is important that all servicemembers are aware of the tax rules around being able to deduct your out of pocket expenses for travelling to drill.

What is the Regulation?

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which passed in 2017, suspended the ability of taxpayers to claim miscellaneous itemized deductions that exceed 2% of their Adjusted Gross Income, which included work expenses. However, the law still allows those tax-payers that fall into four categories to continue to deduct their expenses; Armed Forces reservists, qualified performing artists, fee-basis state and local government employees, and employees with impairment-related work expenses. In this article, we will focus on the Armed Forces Reservists; who qualifies, what expenses they can claim, and how to claim them on your tax return. We will also give some tips on how to best track your expenses throughout the year to make it easier on you come tax time.

What Service Members Can Claim the Expense Deduction?

Not all service members can claim the expense deduction, to qualify the Soldier must meet a couple tests; all of these questions must be a “yes” in order for you to claim your expenses.
  • Test 1: Were you employed as an Armed Forces Reservist who traveled more than 100 miles from your tax home to complete Reserve related duty? (For IRS purposes, a Reservist is a member of the Military Reserves, National Guard, or Public Health Service)
  • Test 2: Did you have job-related business expenses?
  • Test 3: Are your deductible expenses more than the total of your reimbursements for those expenses?
  • If you can answer yes to all three of these questions, then you are eligible to claim your expenses on your tax return.

What Expenses Can You Claim?

Vehicle Expenses
  • If you regularly drive over 100 miles to your Battle Assembly, you can claim vehicle expenses
  • The rate you can claim (For 2019) is 58 cents per mile driven
  • For example, if your Reserve Center is 100 miles away from your tax home, each month that you drive to your duty would create a deductible expense of $116
    • 100 miles times .58 = $58
    • $58 X 2 (round trip) = $116
  • Alternatively, instead of claiming the miles, you do have the option to claim actual expenses
  • Under actual expenses, you will keep detailed track of your auto related expenses such as gas, oil, repairs, insurance and then multiply this total amount by the percentage of miles driven for reserve duty versus non-reserved duty throughout the year
    • For example, if you spent a total of $5,000 on vehicle expenses and the percentage of overall miles driven for reserve duty versus all miles driven is 1%, you could claim $50 as vehicle expenses for the year
    • $5,000 times 1% = $50
  • It is important to note that if you are using the standard mileage rate, you must do so in the first year you use the vehicle for reserve travel, you can always switch to the actual expense method in later years
Parking Fees, Tolls, and Transportation that didn’t Involve Overnight Travel
  • If you drove to and from military duty on the same day without staying overnight, you can deduct parking fees, tolls, and transportation costs, to include train, bus, etc.
Travel Expenses for Overnight Stays
  • These expenses include lodging, airfare, car rental, etc.
  • Do not include meals in this category
  • You can include incidental expenses, which covers items such as fees and tips; instead of tracking actual incidental expenses, you can use the alternate method of $5/day, but you can only use this alternate method if you are claiming no meal expenses for the same day
Meals
  • You can deduct meal expenses for travel that keeps you away from your tax home overnight
  • You can use actual expenses or claim the standard meal allowance, which for most locations is $51/day, but may change based on the specific location of duty
  • Even if you are using the standard allowance, you still must keep records showing the time, place, and purpose of your travel
  • For deduction purposes, you will be able to claim 50% of expenses related to qualified meals

How Do You Claim the Deduction?

  • To claim the expenses on your tax return, you will need to file IRS Form 2106 with your return
  • You will use Form 2106 to report your expenses, reimbursements, and to calculate the total amount you can deduct
  • Once you or your tax preparer have completed Form 2106, it will give you a value that you can ultimately transfer to your 1040, reducing your tax liability for the year
Best Practices
  • Trying to figure out your expenses for the previous year when you do your taxes will be a time consuming and frustrating experience
  • To make this easy, you must build a process for tracking these expenses as you incur them, to help with this, I’ve shared a tracker that you can easily update and adapt to fit your specific needs here
  • Document, document, document…keep your receipts, they are your way of proving to the IRS that you incurred them and that you are accurately reflecting them on your return
  • Don’t confuse the tax deduction with your Inactive Duty Training (IDT) Travel reimbursement, they are two separate things, with two separate rules and regulations
    • For example, the mileage rate you can claim and be reimbursed for on your IDT local voucher is 17 cents per mile, in contrast with the 58 cents per mile you can claim on Form 2106
  • You can’t “double-dip!” If the military reimburses you for those expenses, keep track of that as well as you will need to report the reimbursements on Form 2106

Deducting Reserve Expenses Example

CPT Smith is a US Army Reservist, who lives in Boston, MA but is assigned to a unit that is based in Fort Dix, NJ.  He passes all three tests, allowing him to be able to deduct his reserve travel related expenses; his specific expenses are below for 2019.
Expense Category Raw Numbers Total Expense Reimbursed Amount Unreimbursed Expense
Vehicle 5000 miles drive $2,900 (.58/mile) $2,900 $0
Transportation (non-overnight) N/A $0 $0 $0
Overnight Travel Costs $1,400 $1,400 $800 $600
Meals $750 $750 $300 $225 (1/2($750-300)
Total $4,675 $4,000 $825
As you can see from this example Form 2106, CPT Smith would be able to claim a $825 deduction on his 2019 return based on his reserve related travel expenses. Being a citizen Soldier isn’t easy and you have to make many sacrifices to continue serving, so at the same time you owe it to yourself to use the tax code to help ease some of the financial burden you incur in your service.  While this may seem daunting to track and calculate all of this, in the end it can pay off, but don’t feel you have to do it alone.  We make it our mission here to understand those tax issues that specifically affect members of our military so that we can best serve you.  If you have questions about reserve related travel expenses or any other military finance related issue, do not hesitate to contact me or any of the financial advisors that belong to the Military Financial Advisors Association.

Do you have questions about your reserve pay expense deductibility? Contact one of our advisors for a free consultation!

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